Relative mRNA levels of E-selectin were normalized to GAPDH and values are depicted as mean fold change compared to non-stimulated cells. (C) Real-time PCR of IL-1β induced (5 ng/ml time points of stimulation as indicated) HUVEC either left untreated (CTRL, circles) or pretreated (30 min) with comfrey-RE (200 μg/ml squares), comfrey-OP (20 μg/ml asterisks) or the TAK1 inhibitor (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol (used as positive control at 5 μM). E-selectin protein levels were analyzed after 2 h. (B) Cell ELISA of IL-1β (5 ng/ml, 90 min) stimulated HUVECs which were either left untreated (CTRL, black bar) or pretreated (30 min) with different doses (either 160, 130, 80, 60 μg/ml) of comfrey-RE (gray bars), comfrey-OP (20, 12, 10, 6 μg/ml dark gray bars) or the inhibitor PHA-408 (20, 10, 5, 2.5 μM light gray bars). Relative mRNA levels of E-selectin were normalized to GAPDH and expression levels are depicted as mean fold change compared to non-stimulated cells. (A) Real-time PCR of IL-1β (5 ng/ml, 90 min) stimulated HUVEC which were either left untreated (CTRL, black bar) or pretreated (30 min) with either 166, 125, 100 μg/ml of comfrey-RE (gray dotted bars) or with 20, 10, 5 μg/ml of comfrey-OP (black dotted bars). officinale root extract preparations affect E-selectin expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. NF-κB Symphytum officinale comfrey endothelial cells inflammation transactivation transcription. These results provide a first mechanistic insight into the mode of action of a century-old popular herbal medicine. Furthermore, our biochemical studies provide evidence that comfrey inhibits NF-κB signaling at two stages: it dampens not only the activation of IKK1/2 and the subsequent IκBα degradation, but also interferes with NF-κB p65 nucleo-cytoplasmatic shuttling and transactivation. Both preparations inhibit the activation of NF-κB, a transcription factor of central importance for the expression of these and other pro-inflammatory genes. The extract, and especially its mucilage-depleted fraction, impair the interleukin-1 (IL-1) induced expression of pro-inflammatory markers including E-selectin, VCAM1, ICAM1, and COX-2. Here, we show that a hydroalcoholic extract of comfrey root impairs the development of a pro-inflammatory scenario in primary human endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, the molecular basis of its action remained elusive. Today, its topical use is based on its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, which have been substantiated by modern clinical trials. 27.Symphytum officinale, commonly known as comfrey, constitutes a traditional medicinal plant with a long-standing therapeutic history, and preparations thereof have been widely used for the treatment of painful muscle and joint complaints, wound and bone healing, and inflammation. * © 2018 Miranda Castro … The Complete Homeopathy Handbook, St. Instead of taking them both together it is better to alternate them as frequently as needed, every one to two hours if the soreness is severe, less often if it is tolerable, for several days if you’re taking them as a tonic.” This can happen after childbirth when you might want to take, say, Arnica for bruising and Calendula to speed the healing of an episiotomy. I have occasionally suggested that you alternate remedies where, for example, two are indicated. Symptoms are usually mild and need longer-term treatment, e.g. sore throat flu teething chickenpox, etc. Symptoms can wait a day or two to be treated, e.g. bad cough abscess food poisoning vomiting, etc. Symptoms need help within about 24 hours and are not necessarily accompanied by pain, e.g. earache head or back injury second- or third-degree burn cystitis, labour pains, etc. Symptoms need immediate attention accompanied by great pain, e.g. But, if, using common sense, yours is a very serious condition, you need to seek medical expertise. Note: If a self-selected remedy – however well-indicated – does not help, a consult with a professional homeopath may be in order. Homeopathy for Pregnancy, Birth & Your Baby’s First Years/Homeopathy for Mother & Baby.
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